What does fear accomplish?

It’s a question the Trump administration appears to be trying to answer, whether intentionally or not, as it cracks down on illegal immigration.

Just last week, The Washington Post reported that the administration is considering separating parents from their children if they’re caught crossing the border illegally. If implemented, the policy would mark a shift from current policy, which keeps families together. The move has received pushback from immigrant groups who argue it’s cruel, but administration officials see it as a way to discourage Central American migrants from making the journey to the United States following an uptick in family units and unaccompanied children caught at the border. Even if the policy successfully deters economic migrants however, immigrant advocates warn that it will punish the most desperate immigrants—those fleeing violence or persecution—without dissuading them.

How many people are being arrested?

The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border dropped at the start of the Trump presidency, but has since begun to creep up again, according to Customs and Border Protection figures. In March, the Department of Homeland Security reported a 40 percent decline in apprehensions from January to February. Indeed, it appeared the mood had shifted in Central America as Trump took office. In speaking with migrants, advocates, and workers at shelters in the U.S. and Mexico, The New York Times found that people were less likely to make the journey north.

In March, then-Department of Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly attributed the drop in border crossings to the new policies rolled out under President Trump. “Since the Administration’s implementation of Executive Orders to enforce immigration laws, apprehensions and inadmissible activity is trending toward the lowest monthly total in at least the last five years,” Kelly said in a statement. Then, in November, U.S. agents caught 7,018 families, an increase from 4,839 the month before, according to CBP. The number of apprehensions of unaccompanied children also increased.

DACA

The uncertainty surrounding DACA raised concerns about the 800,000 young immigrants who face deportation if Congress can’t reach a bipartisan deal and the program disappears.

Attorneys working to prevent deportations

“The backlog in the immigration system is tremendous,” former Mexican foreign minister Jorge Castañeda, a group member and New York University professor, told the Journal. Lawyers deployed to deportation cases could double or triple the existing backlog of cases “until Trump desists in this stupid idea,” he said.

The idea puts a spotlight on an immigration court system which, unlike the US criminal system, has no constitutionally guaranteed right to an attorney. According to a September study by the American Immigration Council, only 37 percent of people facing deportation nationwide – and just 21 percent of Mexicans – have legal representation.

The legal dissolution of marriage is something that has existed all over the world and for many years, although in recent years, divorce has become a much more common phenomenon that it used to be. The causes and consequences of this, and divorce in general, are numerous and varied, usually according to factors like region and demography, among many others. Accordingly, there exist a myriad of topics for you to explore when you are deciding your on divorce. Keep reading for ideas on how to approach your statement.

Divorce?

If you are writing a paper on divorce, you probably already know this, but let’s review the facts. A divorce is defined as the legal separation of a married couple. Typically, the couple agrees about getting a divorce, but in reality, most of the time this is unlikely to be the case. The possible reasons for a person wanting to divorce their spouse are, in a sense, endless. The dynamics of every relationship are unique, but of course, similarities exist everywhere. So which reasons for divorce can you look to in formulating your thesis statement on divorce? Let’s have a look at some of the most common causes of divorce.

What Causes of Divorce

Contrary to popular belief, infidelity (romantic or sexual) ranks relatively low in the reasons for couples getting divorced. You are free to choose this topic, of course, but take a moment to consider the other causes which rank much higher and can make for a more accessible thesis statement. Some of these are lack of communication, lack of personal space, differing goals, lack of intimacy, an inability to adequately address problems, and finally, a common top culprit, financial issues. We will have a brief look at each of these in turn.

Make Your Home Stand Out With A Landscape Water Structure

There’s a lot of ways that you can make your home stand out. However, nothing does the trick quite like landscaping. You may think about a new paint job, and much more for the exterior, but the yard and land you have can look amazing if you just apply a little bit of landscaping to it. Hiring a pro can be a helpful plan, but overall, you should go beyond just the green and colors of flowers and grass. Think bigger, like that of adding a landscape water structure. That’s right, landscape water structures can make your home look amazing, and can give you a bit of peace and tranquility whenever you’re out in your yard, etc. Never thought about this before? Well consider a few notes on why you may want to look into this option and get a pro to handle the plumbing etc.

The Peace of Water Structures

The first thing to consider is the peace that comes with water structures. When you have running water and rock structures around your landscaping, you will be able to sit in your yard and just enjoy the sights and sounds. There’s something peaceful about this that goes beyond words, and you’ll find that when you hire someone to help you get this going, you’ll be able to enjoy your yard in a whole new way. It’s a perfect union of sight, sound, and technology, that’s for sure.

Adding Value To Your Home

Perhaps one of the biggest reasons why people pursue landscaping structures for their home is because it helps with increasing the value of their home. That’s right, you could very well end up with a home that jumps in value with just a simple installation. This is something that most people don’t really consider at first glance, but the more you look into it, the more you’ll find that this is a favorable option to consider. Whether you go simple or you want something elaborate, you’ll find something grand that comes with this for the value of your home today and in the future.

Piping and Plumbing Issues

Before you can start breaking ground for any structure, you’ll need to first consider the construction phase. This isn’t as fun as the final production, but you’ll need to consider this. You may not have pipes or plumbing in the area that you want your landscaping to get placed in. To ensure that you have the right elements, you’ll need to call in a professional. A professional can help with the installation of piping and connections to the water supply so that you are able to have free standing, free flowing water, clean sewer and even a pump etc. Learn more

Do not try to do this on your own. This is something that you are going to be tempted to do, especially with so many details that you can pull online about how to start with landscaping. While you can do some minor maintenance and more, you should not work with landscaping plumbing, piping, or anything extreme. Let the pros handle this project, and you’ll be able to get a stunning solution.

Setting A Budget

Before you start calling around to get a landscape structure, you should consider your budget. How much do you want to spend on a landscaping project? Also, assess the size of your yard, and what type of structure you want to put in place. You could go simple, or you could go extreme, depending on what you want overall. If you’re not sure where to start, consider putting aside a few thousand dollars just to get a few ideas going.

Once you have set a budget, you can start to gather inspiration online from different resources. Look up landscape structures and you’ll find that there are some amazing things that you can do for your home’s yard. Whether you want something very simple, or something complex, you could easily push through a variety of options. Not everything is going to be inexpensive, or possible, but you may get an idea as to what you can do with the space you have.

Don’t Rush Into Anything

As you look around for inspiration, ideas, and budgeting elements, make sure to take your time. Do not rush into getting anything installed, especially when it comes to plumbing and water structures. Once the ground is dug up and you have piping installed, you cannot really go back without disrupting your yard, and adding more costs to the bill. Take your time, find something you love, and get a pro to help you get it done right.

Special Issue of ‘Disability and Rehabilitation’

The research team have edited a special issue of the journal Disability and Rehabilitation, on the theme of ‘universal design’. The issue features eight papers written by leading international writers from a range of disciplines, including philosophy, social policy, architecture, and sociology. The papers outline some of the key challenges relating to the development of universal design, and discuss how far it may be possible to realise its radical intent in seeking to overturn deep rooted designer conventions that rarely respond to the needs of disabled people and impaired bodies. They draw attention to the tensions between, on the one hand, the propagation of a universal design discourse that is challenging of design approaches that fail to respond to corporeal diversity, and, on the other hand, the incorporation of much universal design practice into conventional, conservative, design methodologies. Such methodologies, and their underlying epistemological bases, appear to delimit the understanding of person-hood to bodies-without-impairment, or cultural norms that define the universal subject in ways whereby disabled people are regarded as aberrations. This observation leads contributors to the special issue to interrogate how far, and in what ways, practitioners may be able to develop universal design not only as a ‘‘design strategy’’, but as a political stratagem that has the potential to transform the dominant world view of universal ablebodiedness [12,13].

To view the papers, visit: http://informahealthcare.com/toc/dre/36/16

Mediating bodies: universal design methodology and post-phenomenology

Rob ImrieonJune 19, 2014/Comments closed

 

“In my more miserable moments I think we’ll never get it right, and people just ignore it, and building control officers don’t implement it, and we still see buildings where somebody says it’s accessible, and it’s not accessible at all. We’re still designing public spaces with cobbles, brand new public spaces with cobbles and seats that have got no arms or backrests, and they don’t understand that an older person can’t get up off a concrete stone bench. Why do they keep designing stuff like that?” (access consultant x)

This article by Charlotte Bates investigates why “they keep designing stuff like that”. Focusing on inclusive design – a niche approach that strives towards more accessible, flexible and democratic designs – the article examines the underlying values, practices, and sticking points entangled in the challenge of designing and making more equitable products and places.

As the geographer Doreen Massey writes, “The challenge of the negotiation of place is shockingly unequal.” (2005, 169). Despite – and sometimes even because of – the introduction of now taken-for-granted design features intended to make access to urban environments more equitable, our town and city spaces continue to frustrate, fail and ultimately omit many of us, from parents and children to people who are elderly, infirm and impaired.

Our research investigates why “they keep designing stuff like that”. Focusing on inclusive design – a niche approach that strives towards more accessible, flexible and democratic designs – we examine the underlying values, practices, and sticking points entangled in the challenge of designing and making more equitable products and places. To date, we have interviewed a range of professionals in the UK, including company directors, access consultants, architects, engineers, and educationalists. These conversations provide insight into the methods and tools used by these professionals, highlight the difficulties and limitations that they face, and offer a glimpse at the possibility that progress is being made.

Values

Inclusive design has developed and evolved in response to increasing recognition that mainstream design approaches fail to take human diversity into account. Anthropometric data, regularly used in architectural and industrial design to incorporate information about human body proportion, posture and movement, constructs the human as a healthy adult of a particular size and ability. For example, French architect Le Corbusier, a pioneer of modern architecture, developed the ‘modulor’, a universal system of proportions based on the dimensions of a six foot male.

Such schemas have the admirable intention of placing the body at the centre of design, but, perfectly proportioned, it is a minority body. The result is design that is uncomfortable and out of reach for the vast majority of the population. By valuing human diversity and aiming to make places that work for everyone, inclusive design promises, as a landscape architect said to us, “to open up the challenge of designing for us as we really are, as complex beings rather than the Corbusian perfect man” (landscape architect x).

Practices

How inclusive design attempts to achieve its aim is a question that needs unravelling. One key issue that we have focused on to date is the translation of inclusive design values into methods and tools that embrace, rather than reduce, embodied human diversity. In practice, these tools and techniques range from employing expert access consultants, to using ‘personas’ (descriptions of potential ‘users’ based on market research) and simulating the physical experience of being elderly or impaired with specially designed goggles, gloves and even entire body suits. The ‘Third Age Suit’ developed by academics at Loughborough University’s Ergonomics and Safety Research Institute for the Ford Motor Company, for example, is intended to “literally let someone walk in the shoes of an older person and experience firsthand what life is like for someone with restricted mobility”.

Through ‘empathic engagement’, these tools offer the possibility of opening design practices to the lived experiences of ‘users’ and diversifying the body at the centre of design. But, as many of the people we spoke with recognised, they can also be used as ‘quick fixes’ that effectively reduce the complexity of human embodiment. As one designer told us, “the persona itself will probably be three or four slides on PowerPoint. The description about their disabilities is probably a sentence or two” (designer x).

Sticking points

In addition to the difficulties of incorporating a diverse understanding of lived embodiment into design practices, there are also a number of sticking points in the design process that threaten the promise of inclusive design. From the start, designers can find themselves having to convince clients that designing for ‘less sexy users’ is the right approach. Instead of taking the needs of the population into consideration, and despite the market potential of the ‘golden economy’, some clients reportedly prefer to direct their business at the ‘young and healthy’ market sector.

At the next stage, support for inclusive design can be overridden by contractors who ‘value engineer’ to deliver projects on time, on budget and on value, so that “even if you build inclusive design in at the design stage, you can’t guarantee that it will be kept all the way through procurement – if somebody can find a cheaper way of doing things often they will try to” (designer y).

The installation of design features can also be problematic, as one engineer explained, “the difficulty is executing it and knowing what to do… It’s generally done, but unfortunately it’s not done in the correct manner all the time.” (engineer x). Tactile paving is a prime example. When badly installed, it negates the information it is designed to provide and runs the risk of becoming a public hazard. Common installation issues include using the wrong colour paving, a lack of colour contrast with surrounding paving, incorrect use of warning patterns, and inconsistent use of paving types within schemes.

Finally, there are issues surrounding the maintenance and care of products and places. Once in the public realm products are often left to fend for themselves, as we were told, “nobody takes ownership of it, it’s out on the street 24/7, it’s out in all weather conditions, and it gets abused” (designer z).

Negotiating place

The process of inclusive design, from ideation to installation, reveals a literal ‘throwntogetherness’ of place – a term coined by Massey to signal the whirl of global diversity and difference in contemporary urban life. I use the term here to express the precarious and sometimes haphazard way in which places negotiate their way into life.  This throwntogetherness reveals the complex and sticky processes through which designs are shaped and ultimately puts the viability of inclusive design at risk.

Our research highlights the labour towards making more accessible and democratic places being undertaken by a passionate group of people who are wrestling with the lack of a joined-up or universal agenda. It has led us to some remarkable and award-winning products, buildings and public spaces. But it also reveals continuing professional and political ignorance of human diversity and the need to take responsibility for making better places.